Search Documents

By James H. Gardner

It is a striking fact in the domestic oil statistics of 1926 that with an increase in production of 13,000,000 bbl., there was nevertheless a lowering of both crude and gasoline stocks. It was the first reduction in the last eight years. In 1918, the last year of the war, stocks of crude and refined products were lowered 16,000,000 bbl., but in the following seven years stocks were increased 350,000,000 bbl., due largely to the phenomenal crop of major pools discovered in 1923. The big pools of that year coming as they did through some curious coincidence unprecedented in the oil industry, not only piled up a sudden increase of stocks at a time of large imports but they continued to add their quota to an increase of storage until 1926. With an increase in crude production, according to the Oil and Gas Journal, from 760,000,000 bbl. in 1925 to 773,000,000 bbl. in 1926, and an increase in cracking facilities of about 30 per cent., there was a draft on storage of 22,300,000 bbl. of crude and 1,000,000 bbl. of refined. Crude and refined changed from a stock surplus of 29,130,000 bbl. in 1925, to a deficit of 23,300,000 bbl. in 1926, or a differential total of 52,430,000 bbl. With a stock reserve of 541,700,000 bbl. of crude and refined oil in 1925, the amount drawn from storage was not large in percentage but it marked an important contrast with previous years. It meant a year of stability in prices and a sound condition in the industry. The indicated domestic demand increased from 695,120,000 in 1925 to 743,360,000 in 1926, (7 per cent.), 1 per cent. of which was due to California fires. Most of the gain in consumption was due to the increased demand for gasoline. There was little comparative change in the combined imports of crude and refined oil. There was an increase in exports of 17,200,000 bbl. (1.5 per cent). A petroleum balance sheet for 1926 and a comparativl sheet for the last two years, production in the United States by major districts and pools, and a list of imports are given in Tables 1 to 5, inclusive.

Jan 1, 1927

By Persifor Frazer

At a time when all those interested in the iron trade are carefully scanning the horizon for new sources of the raw material, a few words concerning a field, which though not new, has not been hitherto fruitful of statistical information, may be deemed appropriate at this meeting. The district alluded to is the belt of the Middle James River, or in other words, that portion of the ferriferous belts of Virginia lying between Josua Falls and the little settlement of Norwood, in the counties of Amherst and Nelson, and on the left bank of the James River. This region shows unmistakable signs of developing a very considerable market for iron ores and for iron in the future, as well as a tempting appearance of possible productiveness in the former. It, is extremely hazardous to deal in generalizations as to the productiveness or non-productiveness of these measures without a more thorough development than has yet been attained. It is true that they probably constitute an horizon whence comes a part of the marvellous mineral wealth of the northern peninsula of Michigan. But

Jan 1, 1883

By Ralph W. Marsden

The natural iron ores of the Lake Superior Region in the United States are being replaced by iron-ore concentrates produced from magnetite- or hematite-rich horizons in the Precambrian cherty iron formations. The production of natural ores will soon be less than one-half of the total ore shipped annually. The tonnage of natural ore produced will continue to decline until it is a minor percentage of the ore shipped. The natural ores include (1) soft ore, (2) hard ore, ( 3) conglomerate ore and ( 4) siliceous ore. The soft ores are the important ore type and are sometimes termed "Lake Superior type ore". These ores are in situ deposits of hematite and limonite formed by the leaching of silica and other gangue materials in the iron formations. The leaching is believed to have been done by downward moving surface waters. In deep ore deposits, generally over 1000 feet below the present surface, circulation and leaching action may have been assisted by hydrothermal activity. Hard ore deposits occur on the Vermilion and Marquette ranges where hematite or magnetite has replaced the silica (and possibly some silicates) in cherty iron formation. These ores commonly occur in structural situations favorable for the movement of hydrothermal waters. The ores are believed to be the result of hydrothermal action with iron, possibly from the iron formation, transported by hydrothermal waters to areas favorable for the replacement of silica by iron oxides. Certain stratigraphic horizons of the Lake Superior Precambrian cherty iron formations contain sufficient iron as magnetite or hematite, with a grain size and texture that will give adequate mineral liberation, to yield an ore-quality product after grinding and concentration. The magnetite-rich deposits are termed magnetite taconites. These ores occur on the Mesabi, Gogebic, and Marquette ranges. Magnetite taconite ores are unenriched cherty iron formation and are the result of the sedimentary deposition of the iron formation and the metamorphic history of the rock. The commercial quality hematite-rich iron formations in Michigan are termed jasper ores. The jasper ores are being mined on the Marquette and Menominee ranges. These ores are composed of specular or granular hematite associated with quartz and iron silicates. The jasper ores appear to be recrystallized iron formations in which iron, prior to recrystallization, occurred as hematite.

Jan 1, 1968

COLUMBIA SECTION Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. S. S. FOWLER, Chairman, J. C. HAAS, Vice-Chairman, LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, 720 Peyton Bldg., Spokane, Wash. W. H. LINNEY, J. F. MCCARTHY. A special meeting of the officers of the Columbia Section was held in Spokane, Wash., Jan. 10, 1918, for the purpose of organizing and nominating members to the principal committees of the Section. Present: J. C. Haas, Vice-chairman; W. H. Linney, Past Chairman; and L. K. Armstrong, Secretary. J. F. McCarthy, Wallace, Idaho, was appointed fifth member of the Executive Committee. The following were appointed to the Membership Committee: R. M. Betts; for Oregon; W. J. Hall, for Idaho; J. M. Porter, for Washington. A member for British Columbia will be appointed later. The following were appointed to the Committee on Papers: Prof. F. A. Thomson, Moscow, Idaho; Prof. L. 0. Howard, Pullman, Wash.; H. S. Lee, Rye Valley, Ore. A fourth member, representing British Columbia, is to be appointed later. The following members were appointed representatives on the Executive Committee of the Spokane Engineering and Technical Association: J. C. Haas, W. H. Linney, F. A. Ross, L. K. Armstrong. The Treasurer reported a deficit, resulting from the participation of the Section at the Northwest Mining Convention in 1916. It was recommended that the Institute be petitioned to make good this deficit, in addition to the usual annual allowance. The members of the committee who were present expressed their desire to be of greater service in the present war, and discussed at some length the possible means of carrying out their desires. It was later decided to reopen the subject at a subsequent meeting of the Section, or to present it to the Executive Committee of the Spokane Engineering and Technical Association for discussion and cooperative action. L. K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary.

Jan 3, 1918

WASHINGTON, D. C. HERBERT C. HOOVER, Chairman H: FOSTER BAIN, Vice-chairman DAVID WHITE, Vice-chairman HARVEY S. MUDD, Secretary-Treasurer, Room 2114, Dept. of Interior Bldg. J. F. CALLBREATH HENNEN JENNINGS E. W. PARKER T. T. READ An inspiring meeting of the Washington, D. C., Section was held at the Cafeteria of the Interior Building on Friday evening, Dec. 6, 1918. One-hundred and thirty-five members and guests attended, and Vice-chairman H. Foster Bain presided. The Committee on Nominations reported: for Chairman, Herbert Hoover; for Vice-chairmen, Frederick G. Cottrell, and F. L. Ransome;

Jan 1, 1919

By J. C. Fisher, J. H. Hollomon

The fundamental problem concerning the fracture of both crystalline and noncrystalline solids is the divergence between the actua1 and the theorcticallY computed fracture stresses; the stress required for fracture, computed from the forces between atoms, is many times that actually observed with commcrcinlly available materials. Computatiolls have been made,,2 indicating that the theoretical fracture stress should be from 100 to 1000 times that actually observed. There are other incidental problems that have arisen, perhaps the most importallt of which is the problem of size effect often observed in the measurement of the fracture stress of non-metallic solids, such as glass. Another effect conccrns the relation between deformation and the stress required for fracture, Experiments recently made with pearlitic steels indicate that the tensile fracture stress increases with increasing tensile deformation and decreases with increasing prior com-pressive deformation, This marked ani-sotropy of the effect of deformation on the fracture stress is in contrast with the essential isotropy of the flow stress. Early experiments on rock salt crystals by Joffe, et al.3 have illustrated the effect of tensile strain in increasing the tensile stress required for fracture. A consistent theory must be constructed that will explain not only the divergence, of the measured fracture stress from the theoretical value, the size effect, and the ergence of deformation; but will also explain and predict the effects of combined stress, of temperature, of strain rate, and of metallurgical structure. With respect to this last variable, it has now been relatively well established that the carbide particle is the clement of structure controlling the fracture of steels. In steels carbide particles vary in shape from plates to spheroids. It has been found that not only docs the magnitude Of the Fracture stress depend upon the size and shape of these particles. but also its dcpendencc upon strain is affected by changes in 'hap' an' size Or the particles. The precipitate resulting from the age hardening Of duralumin also modifies the fracture stress of this alloy. Nonmetallic inclusions greatly lower the fracture stress of all metals. The magnitude of the lowering depends 0' the size and shape of the included particles. In glass, the major source of the low fracture stress has been fairly conclusively demonstrate' by Griffith4 '0 arise from real flaws or cracks present in the material. He showed that the stress concentration at the end of a defect was of suficient magnitude to raise the stress at this location to a value comparable with the theoretical strength Of the material. If the cracks were reduced in size, Griffith showed that the observed fracture slrength the by virtue Of the decrease in stress concentration. He also pointed out that cracks disposed perpendicularly to the applied tensile stress would be more effective in lowering the fracture

Jan 1, 1947

By J. H. Hollomon, J. C. Fisher

The fundamental problem concerning the fracture of both crystalline and noncrystalline solids is the divergence between the actua1 and the theorcticallY computed fracture stresses; the stress required for fracture, computed from the forces between atoms, is many times that actually observed with commcrcinlly available materials. Computatiolls have been made,,2 indicating that the theoretical fracture stress should be from 100 to 1000 times that actually observed. There are other incidental problems that have arisen, perhaps the most importallt of which is the problem of size effect often observed in the measurement of the fracture stress of non-metallic solids, such as glass. Another effect conccrns the relation between deformation and the stress required for fracture, Experiments recently made with pearlitic steels indicate that the tensile fracture stress increases with increasing tensile deformation and decreases with increasing prior com-pressive deformation, This marked ani-sotropy of the effect of deformation on the fracture stress is in contrast with the essential isotropy of the flow stress. Early experiments on rock salt crystals by Joffe, et al.3 have illustrated the effect of tensile strain in increasing the tensile stress required for fracture. A consistent theory must be constructed that will explain not only the divergence, of the measured fracture stress from the theoretical value, the size effect, and the ergence of deformation; but will also explain and predict the effects of combined stress, of temperature, of strain rate, and of metallurgical structure. With respect to this last variable, it has now been relatively well established that the carbide particle is the clement of structure controlling the fracture of steels. In steels carbide particles vary in shape from plates to spheroids. It has been found that not only docs the magnitude Of the Fracture stress depend upon the size and shape of these particles. but also its dcpendencc upon strain is affected by changes in 'hap' an' size Or the particles. The precipitate resulting from the age hardening Of duralumin also modifies the fracture stress of this alloy. Nonmetallic inclusions greatly lower the fracture stress of all metals. The magnitude of the lowering depends 0' the size and shape of the included particles. In glass, the major source of the low fracture stress has been fairly conclusively demonstrate' by Griffith4 '0 arise from real flaws or cracks present in the material. He showed that the stress concentration at the end of a defect was of suficient magnitude to raise the stress at this location to a value comparable with the theoretical strength Of the material. If the cracks were reduced in size, Griffith showed that the observed fracture slrength the by virtue Of the decrease in stress concentration. He also pointed out that cracks disposed perpendicularly to the applied tensile stress would be more effective in lowering the fracture

Jan 1, 1947

NEW YORK LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee L. W. FRANCIS, Chairman WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y J P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer Louis D. HUNTOON Since the annual meeting in February, the New York Section of the Institute has held three meetings. The meeting-on March 10 was held in conjunction with the American Society of Mechanical-Engineers and the American Electrochemical Society, at the Engineering Societies Building. The papers of the evening were devoted to records of progress in the Processes for the Photographic Reproduction of Natural Colors. The speakers of the evening were F. E. Ives, one of the earlier workers in color photography, Westley Allison, C. W. Robinson, George F. Clyfton, John B. Taylor, and Henry Hess. The April meeting was held on April 22 at the Institute headquarters, and the topic for discussion was Sanitation in Mining and Metallurgical Work. The principal paper was by J. W.. Luther, chief surgeon of the New Jersey Zinc Co. This was followed by a similar paper by Charles L. Close, secretary of the Welfare and Sanitation Committee of the United States Steel Corporation, and by an account of the sanitation work done in Cuba by the Spanish-American Iron Co., which was read by the Chairman, in the absence of Charles F. Rand. Following these papers general discussion was indulged in.

Jan 6, 1914

W. H. SHOCKLEY, Chairman, FRANK H.-PROBERT, :Vice-Chairman, T. A. RICKARD, Sec.-Treas.; 420 Market St.,. San Francisco, Cal. C. C. BRAYTON, J. F. NEWSOM. A Meeting of the San Francisco Section was held on May 7, 1917. Chairman Shockley was in the Chair. The Section was honored by the presence of President Moore and Secretary Stoughton of the Institute. C. W. Merrill introduced President Moore, who then spoke to the Section on the Aims of the Institute. He discussed the possibility of improving the standards of membership by introducing a classification of membership. The present rigid investigation of applicants was pointed out by him. He spoke of the important influence that the local Sections can exert on the Institute and of the importance of sociability and informality at the meetings. Secretary Stoughton, who was introduced by the Chairman, emphasized somewhat the same points. He mentioned the need for making the Bulletin of the Institute more, interesting than it is at present, this to be accomplished by raising the necessary funds by increased advertising. He asked for an expression of opinion on this point. He. said that the employment department of the Institute is now used extensively. At the request of Mrs. Mark L. Requa, Mr. Stoughton. announced that a San Francisco branch of the Woman's Auxiliary of the, Institute was being formed and asked that the ladies of the members' families send in their names to Mrs. Requa or to the Secretary of the Institute.

Jan 10, 1917

Sailing westward from the Society Islands in the fall of 1774, England's noted explorer Captain James Cook discovered New Caledonia-that long, linear island that has played such an important and varied role in the history of nickel. Upon his return to England the following year, Cook's announcement of this uncharted island generated governmental interest, but its distance from the Island Empire, the troubles in the colonies, and the difficulties with France combined to keep English interest indirect and in the background of the then-current events.

Jan 10, 1968

[ ] For President-Elect Leo F. Reinartz has been nominated for the Presidency of AIME in 1954. Mr. Reinartz is now vice-president, special operating development, Armco Steel Corp. He was born in East Liverpool, Ohio, and graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology as metallurgical engineer. He joined Armco in 1909 as a chemist and then became open hearth foreman; assistant superintendent, open hearth dept.; superintendent, open hearth dept.; assistant general superintendent; works manager, East works; manager, Middletown div.; and assistant vice-president, successively. Mr. Reinartz has been active in many technical societies and delivered papers before several. He has been the recipient of the Alumni Award from Carnegie and holds life honorary membership in the AIME National Open Hearth Conference. One of the organizers of the National Open Hearth Conference, Mr. Reinartz was Chairman, Executive Committee (1927 to 1946) and is presently Chairman of its Finance Committee. In October 1951 he was an American Conferee at the First World Metallurgical Congress held in Detroit. An AIME member since 1925, Mr. Reinartz has been active on numerous committees of the Institute.

Jan 1, 1952

The 48th convention of the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, held in New York City recently, saw delegates vote funds for a new organizational drive expected to begin immediately. John Clark, union president, told members in his keynote speech, that the union would be in a better position to make demands if it extended its membership to all phases of the nonferrous -industry. He told the 250 delegates that union leaders have already laid extensive groundwork for the campaign. Clark said: "I am proposing here that we concentrate on organizing during this coming year. I am proposing that we throw a heavy amount of re sources in organizing. That means financial resources as well as re- sources of staff ."

Jan 1, 1952

• Phelps-Dodge Corp. signed an agreement with the Defense Materials Procurement Agency to increase copper production from the east ore deposit of the company's Copper Queen branch at Bisbee, Ariz. The company agreed to undertake a $25 million expansion program, including construction of a concentrating and leaching plant at the Bisbee mine and enlargement of the Douglas smelter. The Government agreed to buy the first 112,500 tons of the first 150,000 tons produced at 22e per lb if the company could not sell at a higher price. The new facilities will have a yearly capacity of 38,000 tons and should be in production by late 1954 or early 1955. • American Smelting & Refining Co. has started construction of a new building to house the Central Research laboratory at South Plainfield, N. J. It will have approximately 75 individual laboratories and an equal number of offices and shops. Modern apparatus to be installed will include electron microscopes, electric and fuelfired furnaces, miniature copper refineries and zinc plants, wire drawing machinery, and large pilot plant laboratory. In the new building scientists study the base metals, and the development of new uses for a number of Asarco by-products, arsenic, and little

Jan 11, 1951

By P. H. Dudley

A Discussion of the Paper of Prof. Howe. (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 14, March, 1907, pp. 169 to 274.) P. H. DUDLEY, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*) :-The characteristics of Prof. Howe's metallurgical papers are, that he is able, from the mass of confusing evidence on the subject, to make an analysis and present hypothetical and essential principles in concrete form for consideration and discussion. I can appreciate, from the practical side of the subject, the arduous labor of collecting and investigating the data that is essential to prepare the paper. Much of the data necessarily came from material of preceding years. of manufacture in which there was allowed time for chemical reactions of the recarburizer, and for the elimination of the oxidation-products before teeming the ingots. This condition gave a favorable tinge-element to free the metal from slag- and other impurities, but, in allowing the. ingot to cool before charging in the furnace, the time-element entered as a detrimental factor in the development of the pipe or shrinkage-cavities, which gave an ingot-structure deficient in soundness. The interpretations from such material must be made with due allowances for the methods of manufacture, and must be given proper weight, as general facts, in subsequent arguments. The difficulties under which investigators labor are not easily surmounted in differentiating between reliable and unreliable data incident to variables of methods of manufacture, chemical composition of the alloys of steel, mediocre practice and that of the highest state of the art. Modern practice and large outputs in Bessemer steel have reversed the effects of the time-element-by cutting short the chemical reactions of the recarburizer and the elimination of

Jan 5, 1908

NEW YORK SECTION Executive Committee, DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman., JOHN H. JANEWAY, Vice-Chairman, F. E. PIERCE, Secretary, 35 Nassau St., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer, LEWIS W. FRANCIS, BENJAMIN B. LAWRENCE. At a meeting of the New York Section, held at the Machinery Club on Jan. 19, 1916, the topic, for the evening was The Problems of the Naval Consulting Board, on which board are four prominent members of the Institute. The speakers of the evening were W. L. Saunders, president of the Institute, Dr. L. H. Baekeland, and Commander A. B. Fry, chief of staff of the New York Naval Militia. After Chairman Browne had laid before the meeting certain business matters, he introduced President Saunders, who presided during the speech making and delivered the first speech. The letter from President Wilson to Mr. Saunders and the presidents of the other national engineering societies, inviting their cooperation in a scheme for mobilizing, as it were, the industrial capacity of this country, had just been made public (see a previous page of this Bulletin) and President Saunders described in considerable detail the origin, purposes, and scope, of the work to be undertaken in this direction. Each of the five national scientific societies is to select a representative from its resident members in every State of the Union, that is, the mining engineers will have 48 representatives, likewise the electrical engineers, the chemists, the civil engineers, and the mechanical engineers. Thus, there will be a representative body or board of five members in every State, one from each of the five societies or institutes. Each committee will investigate the manufacturing and producing possibilities in its own state, and will gather information as to the capacity of every industry which may be capable of supplying things that are needed for the sinews of war. Industrial preparedness means something more than mere capacity to make shells. The field covers food, clothing, hospital equipment, motors, animals, telephones, telegraph and railway accommodations, and a myriad of small details.

Jan 3, 1916

By E. J. Kenaedy, E. H. Robie

THOUGH the fall meeting of the Coal Division was held in the heart of the anthracite section, at Hazleton, Pa., the bituminous industry was well represented also, and the two groups found much common ground for discussion. The' technical part of the program was confined to two sessions in the morning and afternoon of the first day, Friday, Oct. 14, the evening and the following day being reserved for field trips and social functions. The attendance more than met the expectations of those in charge of the arrangements; there seemed no hint of depression here.

Jan 1, 1932

BOSTON SECTION R. L. AGASSIZ, Chairman, - JAMES G. CARLETON, Vice-Chairman, E. E. BUGBEE, Sec.-Treas., Mass. Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. W. E. C. EUSTIS, G. A. PACKARD. The forty-fifth meeting of the Boston Section was held, at the Engineers' Club, on Tuesday, Nov. 6, 1917. Mr. F. C. Carstarphen, tramway engineer of the American Steel and Wire Co., was the guest of the evening. After dinner, Mr. Carstarphen gave a most interesting illustrated talk on the subject of aerial tramways. The views-showed the various forms of aerial tramways and three' unique installations, one carrying 285 tons of coal an hour, undoubtedly the maximum quantity transported by any tramway up to this time. The second installation is that of a lumber-carrying tramway, 5 miles long, operating in California. The last views illustrated a 13 ½ -mile tramway for carrying salt over the

Jan 2, 1918

U.S. Signs Pact With Miami Copper Miami Copper Co., of Arizona has agreed to mine lowgrade copper ores in an extension of its Globe-Miami mining district operations at a guaranteed price of 27.35[] per lb, under a contract signed with defense Materials Procurement Agency. Terms of the contract call for delivery of 230 million lb of refined copper between 1955 and 1962. DMPA said highgrade ore in the de posit will soon be exhausted and it is considered advisable to have Miami continue the operation. The Government has an option to buy 120 million lb of refined copper from present production at market prices. Miami will develop the new ore- body at its own expense-estimated at $3 million. If losses under the new contract reach a specified point, Miami may cancel the agreement. The company plans to use the block caving method in the underground operation.

Jan 4, 1953

By J. L. Rodda

The desirability of a uniformly sized abrasive for metallographic polishing has probably been recognized in a general way for a long time. Certainly all metallographers have recognized the damage that can be done to a polished surface by a piece of grit, especially if one of the softer metals, such as zinc or aluminum, is being polished. It is to be doubted, however, whether many metallographers have had any adequate idea of the particle size of the abrasives they were using or of the range of sizes encountered in any given grade of abrasive. At any rate, the descriptions of abrasives for metallographic work found in the literature are generally very meager. It was with the idea of securing an abrasive with a limited range of particle size that a study of this problem was commenced. Commercial abrasives, even when recommended for metallographic work, are made up of particles of varying sizes. One such abrasive contains some particles so fine that they remain in suspension for days and other particles so coarse that they settle at the rate of 3 in. per minute. It is evident that the coarsest particles are over 100 times the diameter of the smallest ones, or over 1,000,000 times the volume. The hopelessness of avoiding scratches under these conditions is evident. Vanderwiltl has described a laboratory method for grading abrasives in which the elutriator is used. Le Chatelier's method, described by Goereq2 also makes use of an elutriator. However, the elutriator is too slow for this purpose and requires too delicate a control for the range of sizes desired. The method of stirring up the abrasive in water, allowing it to settle for a given time, then drawing a measured depth off the top of the suspension, has been finally adopted as the simplest procedure. The largest particle in a given portion is then determined by Stokes' law:3

Jan 1, 1932

By W. D. Smith

It has been 5 years since the writer left the Philippine Islands and while in that country his chief work did not lie in this field, though he has visited all but one of the localities mentioned in this article. The principal field studies relating to oil were M de by his colleague, Mr. Wallace E. Pratt. The writer's investigations ealt with the general stratigraphy and paleontology of the Philippines. with the exception of the investigations made by Mr. Pratt and the writer very little information on this subject is available. A number of geologists in the employ of large oil companies have visited the Islands from time to time but, following the general rule, the public has scarcely ever been permitted to learn anything of the results. The writer is indebted to the Bureau of Insular Affairs, Washington, for late information regarding recent legislation in the Islands relating to petroleum. All the known oil seeps, petroleum residues, such as ozocerite, and natural-gas emanations are associated with Tertiary sediments. The chief seeps and most promising prospects are located as follows: 1. Bondoc Peninsula (lower end), Tayabas Province, Southeast Luzon. 2. The west coast of the island of Cebü from Alegria north to, and perhaps beyond, Toledo. 3. Central Mindanao not far from Lake Lanao. 4. The ozocerite veins on the Island of Leyte in the northwestern part in the vicinity of the town of Villaba. 5. Natural gas from some deep wells in Tertiary shale formations on the eastern flank of the Cordillera and extending out under the plain on the island of Panay. The first mention in geological literature, to the writer's knowledge, of gas or petroleum in the Philippines is found in the description of the Island of Panay by the Spanish geologist, Abella, in the year 1890. In 1898, an oil well was being dug on the estate of Smith Bell & Co., an English concern, near the town of Toledo on the west coast of Cebu. In

Jan 1, 1921