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By Frederic Benard

RECOVERY of selenium and tellurium at Copper Cliff by the Ontario Refining Co. has been previously described by the writer.1 During 1935 a new building was erected to house this operation and description of the new plant and process form the subject of this paper. The building, of modern steel and tile construction, covers an area of 5900 sq. ft. with a volume of approximately 165,000 cu. ft. The large monitored center bay is flanked by two smaller outside bays, one of which is devoted to the tellurium section. All equipment, ceilings and upper walls, are treated with aluminum paint, giving good illumination and facilitating good housekeeping, essential from a health standpoint in handling material of this nature. EQUIPMENT Layout and type of equipment conforms to the requirements of the process as described below. In the selenium section, storage tanks, neutralizing tanks and precipitators are of steel construction, lead-lined and. arranged for gravity flow (Fig. 1). The neutralizing tanks are equipped with water-cooled lead coils for controlling solution temperature, agitation being accomplished with compressed air. The precipitators are provided with mechanical agitators, and sulphur dioxide is introduced into the solution through 3-in. lead pipes leading from a manifold attached to the cover of the precipitator. Each precipitator has internal cooling coils and an air-jet exhauster to carry off fumes. Neutralized solutions are filtered in a 29-plate wooden filter press using heavy cotton duck as a filter medium, forced feed being maintained by a Welmet centrifugal pump. Dilute solutions are concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum evaporator, constructed of cast hard lead. Heat is supplied by an outside steam chest operating under 15 lb. steam pressure. The solution is circulated through the steam chest by a pump of antimonial lead at a rate approximating 400 cu. ft. per min. The evaporator is evacuated by a water-jet condenser that creates a vacuum of 26 in. of mercury under normal operating conditions. The capacity of the vessel is 60 cu. ft. and the rate of evaporation 25 cu. ft. per hour.

Jan 1, 1938

Jan 1, 1902

By Keijiro Nishio

At a time of great antiquity when our Yomato tribe had not yet found its way throughout the country, there lived in Japan barbarous tribes of the stone age, whose dwellings were vertical caves covered with roof's of twigs and weeds. In a cave lately discovered at the village of Morita, 10 miles west from the port of Aomori, there were found pieces of micaceous iron-ore and psilomelane, with oval holes pierced from both sides. Apparently these objects were regarded as ornaments or curios, without being applied to any practical use. Among the traditions given in the Nihonshoki, an ancient history of Japan, there is one relating to the mining industry. According to this tradition, in the mythological age Izanami-no-Mikoto gave birth to Kanayamahiko-no-Mikoto, god of mines, and Amaterasu-Okami (the sun-goddess) was armed with swords. It came to pass at one time that she concealed herself in Ama-no-Iwato ("Heavenly Cave"), and several gods made contrivances to entice her out. Among them, Ishikori-dome, a smith, made a mirror with copper obtained from the Ama-no-Kagoyama, by means of a pair of bellows known as the Ama-no-habuki, which was made of a deer-skin. It is recorded also that Susanb-no-Mikoto, her younger brother, observed the abundance of gold and silver in Korea, where his descendants were to reign, and urged them to provide themselves with boats to convey them across the Sea of Japan. In the course of time he accomplished his object, proceeding to Korea with his son, Isotakeru-no-Mikoto. These accounts

Jan 1, 1913

By H. J. Rose

Sixty-five million net tons of coal were carbonized in the by-product and beehive coke ovens1 of the United States during 1924. This tonnage represented 13.4 per cent. of the bituminous coal which was mined in that year. Table 1 shows production and disposition.2 Table 1.—Production and Disposition of Ocen Coke in 1924 By-product Beehive Total Coal charged into ovens, tons................ 49,061,339 15,914,310 64,975,649 Coke produced (exclusive of screenings and breeze), tons............................. 33,983,568 10,286,037 44,269,605 Average yield of coke, per cent ............. 69.3 6.46 68.9 Disposition of coke, per cent.: Blast furnace.......................... . . 82.6 Foundry............................... . 13.3 6.6 Domestic.............................. . 1.4 6.7 Water gas manufacture and all other uses.. 4.6 . 4.1 Cokes having somewhat different combinations of chemical and physical properties are desired for the various uses listed above, and these properties depend primarily upon the types of coal used. American coals have a wide range of purity and coking quality, and the chief subject of this paper will be the selection of coals for the manufacture of blast furnace, foundry, domestic, and water-gas coke, in by-product coke ovens. It will obviously be necessary to include a discussion of those physical and chemical characteristics that are generally considered essential or desirable for each type of coke. Suitable Coals The examination and development of new sources of coking coal are important because of the irregular and limited distribution of high-grade

Jan 1, 1927

By A. C. Fraker, H. H. Stadelmaier

In the systems Mo-Fe-C, Mo-Co-C, and Mo-Ni-C the phase boumdaries of the cubic Ij carbides were determined at 1000°C and the variation of the lattice parameter with composition was measured. In the system Mo-Fe-C a single ternary carbide, Mo3Fe3C, was observed. In Mo-Co-C and Mo-Ni-C two new n phases of the type M12C were found: Mo6C06C and Mo6Ni6C. At 1000°C they coexist with the M6C phases MO3-4,CO3-2C and Mo3-4Ni3-2C, respectively. Mo3C03C and Mo4C02C are not separate phases but parts of a single M6C phase region, and the same is true of Mo3Ni3C and Mo4Ni2C. THE n carbide structure type has been known since it was determined by westgren' in 1933, yet reliable information on phase compositions of this type is ap-parently scarce. The following selection of suggested formulas illustrates the extent of the confusion con-cerning compositions: W2-3Fe4-3C,1W6Fe6C,2 W2_4Fe4-2C,3 (W,Fe)6C,4 Tj.-W4Co2C and nz-W6Co6C,5 n1-W3Co3C and n2-w4Co2C,5 W3C03C and w6Co3C2,7 MO3Fe3C,8n2-M04Fe2C,9 (MO,Fe)6C,4 MO3CO3C,8 n2-MO4CO2C.9 Many of these compositions obviously overlap, some disagree in carbon content. The use of the designations 77, and n2 is not consistent. There is uncertainty whether two carbides M6C coexist or whether there is only one M6C with a wide range of substitution of one metal for the other. The existence of M12C seems questionable altogether if one ignores the results of a neutron diffraction study of W6Fe6C supporting that particular metal to carbon ratio.'' More reliable information is available for the iso-typic oxides studied by Nevitt,11 Nevitt, Downey, and orris," and Meussner and carpenter.l3 That n car-bides and oxides are structurally identical, particularly with respect to the location of the metalloid atom, has been demonstrated clearly by Stadelmaier and Meussner14 and also by Parthe, Jeitschko, and sadagopan.15 Therefore the present paper, which attempts to establish the phase boundaries of n defini-tively for three carbon systems, has implications for the whole family of filled Ti2Ni types. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The samples were prepared in two stages. Pellets weighing 3 g were compacted from powders of the elements and presintered in a closed tube of fused silica that had been evacuated to lO-4 mm Hg. This was fol- lowed by arc melting the sintered samples under argon. Remelting the button once was sufficient to produce homogeneous specimens. The metal powders had the following minimum purities in wt pct: molybdenum 99.5, iron 99.0, cobalt 99.7, nickel 99.9, graphite 99.94. Carbon determinations by the gas volumetric method were obtained from thirty-one of the one hundred samples in the annealed condition. They were limited to compositions that were critical to placing a boundary line in the isothermal sections. The carbon losses were comparatively low and averaged less than 1.5 at. pct. For annealing, the samples were sealed in tubes of fused silica evacuated to 10-4 mm Hg. The annealing schedule was 20 hr at 1250°C followed by 150 hr at 1000" ±10°C. For the water quench the silica glass tubes were broken mechanically to speed the quench. The specimens were examined in the as-cast and annealed condition by standard metallographic techniques. Some of the as-cast and all annealed samples were studied by X-ray diffraction using a 114.6-mm powder camera with filtered Co radiation. The lattice parameters of the n phases were determined by graphic extrapolation to 8 = 90 deg on a plot against sin2 8. It is estimated that the maximum error in the lattice parameters is ±0.002A.. The phase fields were determined by the disappearing phase method, relying on X-rays for phase identification and on microscopy to detect small amounts of a phase. RESULTS Pertinent information on the binary side diagrams has been summarized by Hansen and Anderko16 and Elliott17 and will not be discussed further. Photomicrographs documenting the equilibria at 1000°C have been selected to avoid redundancy due to the similarity of the three systems. Thus there will be only one picture showing an equilibrium with Mo2C, and so forth. Molybdenum-Iron-Carbon. An isothermal section of most of the Mo-Fe-C system at 1000°C is shown in Fig. 1. No attempt has been made to distinguish between a and y iron or to determine their phase boundaries. A conspicuous absence is the phase Fe2 1Mo2C6 with the Cr23C6 structure, supporting the suggestion by Krainer4 that it decomposes by annealing at high temperatures. The only ternary phase is found in a narrow range around Mo3Fe3C (MO43Fe43C14). A microstructure with a two-phase mixture of Mo + n is seen in Fig. 2. The variation of the lattice parameter of n with the estimated composition is shown in in Table IA. The phase diagram does not agree with the results of Kuo9 who reported n2-Mo4Fe2C. Our lattice parameter Varies from 11.095A at the iron-rich end to 11.140Å at the molybdenum-richoend of the phase field whereas Kuo9reported 11.26Å for Mo4Fe2C. We are in agreement with the older work

Jan 1, 1970

By L. Kovisars, F. Buttazzoni

The current demand for copper in the western world exceeds 7 million tonnes annually. The growth in demand is expected to average 2.6% annually to a level exceeding 11 million tonnes in 2000. Copper mine production is currently about 6 million tonnes annually; the annual net addition to mine output in the future will have to average about 190,000 tonnes of contained copper. The industrial nations of Europe and the western Pacific are heavily dependent on copper imports. Currently these import needs are supplied by Canada, Africa and Pacific producers. The increased demand for copper in the future is expected to further weight the trade balance to the Pacific suppliers. An evaluation of undeveloped deposits allows the ranking of these deposits based on total cost of production, including provision for plant and infra- structure investment as well as political/social/ economic risk. Peru, Canada, and the Southwest Pacific are expected to significantly increase exports. The United States will develop deposits to replace depleted mines, maintaining mine production at a level approximately equal to current output, with a consequent increase in copper imports. Chile is expected to become the world's leading copper producer, as well as expanding it's position as the leading exporter.

Jan 1, 1982

By George Sachs, S. M. Clark, George Espey

he tendency of a commercially drawn cartridge case to crack in the mercury test and the relation of cracking tendency to residual stress retained after drawing were studied. The fourth drawpiece (next to the final) of caliber 0.30 cartridge cases produced by Frankford Arsenal were selected as test pieces. These exhibited an exceptionally high cracking tendency, making a detailed study possible. To obtain fast cracking in the mercury test, about 0.0015 to 0.003 in. must be removed from the wall thickness of the drawpiece by pickling, and it must be subjected to the mercury test immediately after washing. Removal of the adhering mercury by annealing and subsequent squeezing of the case in a vise was used to reveal definitely the presence or absence of cracks. Various lots of apparently identically fabricated cases were shown to possess a different cracking tendency. Machining off or boring a hole in the base gradually reduced and eventually eliminated the cracking tendency. On the contrary, shortening of the wall (body) reduced the cracking tendency only if the wall became so short that the cracking zone was directly affected. By boring out the base and pickling from the outside and then splitting the resulting rings, it was possible to determine the approximate stress distribution in the base and in the adjacent part of the wall. Small compression stresses were present in the core and the major part of the base, while the surface of the base and the adjacent wall contained high circumferential tensile stresses. On the contrary, the wall when parted from the base contained only insignificant residual stress. The conception is advanced, that the stress distribution in a drawn cartridge case corresponds fundamentally to that of a tube (wall) shrunk on a disk (base). Such a stress distribution results from the tendency of the base to recover elastically by an increase in diameter from the biaxial compression during drawing while the wall exhibits little tendency to change its diameter after progressing through the die. This is confirmed by measurements which show the base diameter to be slightly larger than the wall diameter.

Jan 1, 1945

By Wayne E. Glenn, R. W. French, Lincoln F. Elkins

The Lance Creek Sundance reservoir provides a case history of ro years performance of a reservoir in which unit operation has permitted effective utilization of gravity drainage augmented by primary pressure control with injection of gas into top structural wells. Detailed performance of the reservoir is presented by means of maps of Well status, reservoir pressure, individual well recovery, etc., and by pool-performance charts. Analysis of reservoir performance indicates only minor water encroachment, so that gravity, injected gas, and expansion of gas are the main oil-expulsive agents. A simplified theory of regional drainage of oil from upstructure location to downstructure location due to gravity is presented and checked by means of comparison of "reservoir" permeability and "well" permeability from the pool performance. Good order of magnitude agreement was obtained. Individual well performance and overall reservoir performance indicate possibility that maintenance of pressure makes ineffective those parts of the reservoir in which permeability is too low to permit effective drainage of oil by action of gravity. Oil from these parts can be recovered only when pressure is reduced locally by selective withdrawal or when overall reservoir pressure is finally reduced.

Jan 1, 1949

By Cyril Smith

ISOLATED alloys of copper and silicon were prepared and examined by chemical methods more than one hundred years ago, but it was not until the work of Rudolfi1 that the equilibrium relations. were studied. The early history of the alloys was well described by Baraduc-Muller2 PERCENT SILICON-BY WEIGHT FIG. 1.-COPPER-SILICON EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM ACCORDING TO RUDOLFI (1907). and need not be further discussed here. The diagram of Rudolfi, based entirely on thermal observations, showed silicon to be soluble in copper up to 4.5 per cent. at 849° C., at which temperature there was a peritectic horizontal resulting from the formation of a 0 phase with about 7.4 per cent. silicon from a and liquid with 7.85 per cent. silicon. The ß phase was believed to form a eutectic with Cu3Si at 820° C. and 9.8 per

Jan 1, 1928

US 4,185,078-In the recovery of rhenium values from an aqueous sodium molybdate solution contained in the hydrometallurgical processing of roasted molybdenite, improved results are realized by using a described extractant consisting of a quaternary ammonium compound and benzene or other highly aromatic solvent which dissolves a quaternary ammonium-rhenium complex Essentially all rhenium is recovered from the solution and the extractant can be regenerated and recycled. This patent is a continuation-in-part of US Patent No. 4,049,771, dated Sept. 20, 1977. L R. Quatrini and M.B MacInnis, assigned to GTE Sylvania Inc. Jan 22, 1980. 6 pp (423-49). Flied. 7-19-78 (926,167).

Jan 1, 1982

By Arnulf Muan, R. E. Johnson

Equilibrium CO2 /CO ratios of a gas phase coexisting with selected oxide phase assemblages of the system CaO-"Fe0"-SiOz and vnetallic iron have been determined at 1080°C. The data obtained are used to calculate activity-conzposition relations for metasili-cute, orthosilicate, and CaO- "FeO" solid solutions, and to determine a new value for the free energy of formation of C&S&0,. The metasilicate solution is practically ideal, whereas large deviations from ideality exist in the othe,r two solid solutions. BECAUSE of the geochemical and metallurgical importance of the oxides CaO, "FeO", and SiOz, the system CaO-"FeO"-SiO2 has been the subject of several experimental studies during the past 30 years. Following the delineation of phase relations at liquidus temperatures by a group of investigators at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1933,1 Chipman and associates in the early forties2,3 determined activities of FeO in liquids of this system. Since that time, many attempts have been made to interpret the data of Chipman et al. in terms of the constitution of the silicate liquids and the interaction parameters among the various constituents of the system (see for instance papers by Richardson4 and by Flood and coworkers5). One of the assumptions made in some of these interpretations4 is that the binary silicate systems CaSiO3-FeSiO3 and CazSi04-Fe2SiO4 mix ideally in the solid state. The objective of the present study is to provide experimental data on activity-com position relations in solid solutions of the system CaO-"FeO"-SiO2. Such data will contribute toward an understanding of the thermodynamics of silicate solid-solution phases in general, and will serve specifically to confirm or refute some of the assumptions made in interpreting liquid slag behavior. PREVIOUS WORK Phase relations in the system CaO-"FeO"-SiO2 in contact with metallic iron were determined by Bowen, Schairer, and Posnjak,1 and additional phase-equilibrium data for this system have been presented by Allen and snow.' A reproduction of the most up-to-date phase diagram for this system is shown in Fig. 1.7'8 Of particular interest in the present investigation are the relations among the various crystalline phases slightly below the lowest solidus temperature in the system, as shown in Fig. 2. The present work will be concerned primarily with some of the composition

Jan 1, 1968

By C. E. Sims, G. A. Lillieqvist

The following presentation is more a summation of observations made and conclusions drawn over a period of three to four years than a report of experiments made with a definite objective. Tests were made, of course, to verify hypotheses, but the large mass of data was collected incidental to other work. Lack of space forbids the presentation of more than a few of those data. On the other hand, it is unfortunate that some of the most illustrative examples are not available. The work is admittedly incomplete but is presented in the hope that it will stimulate further work along a similar line. The answers to many of the questions left unanswered by this paper will be found only after long and painstaking study, such as is scarcely possible in a commercial laboratory where problems of immediate importance consume most of the time. It is also hoped that this study will in some measure throw light on some of the dark spots of steelmaking, and help to clarify some of the annoyingly vague references to "good practice." Only cast steel was studied and the conclusions apply to cast steel, but it is the authors' opinion that the quality of rolled or forged steel is largely dependent on the quality of the ingot, which is a casting. Although this discussion deals almost entirely with inclusions, it is important that the reader understand that only those natural inclusions which owe their origin to the solubility of certain materials in steel and to the chemical reactions of steelmaking are considered. Accidental inclusions, such as entrapped particles of slag, nozzle, runner, or mold arc outside its province and are not considered. Such accidental inclusions are always dangerous and should be carefully avoided. Relation between Ductility and Nonmetallic Inclusions In September, 1928, an acid electric furnace was put into operation at the Indiana Harbor plant of the American Steel Foundries. Following the usual practice, aluminum additions were made in order to obtain sound castings. Immediately the problem of low ductility arose. Previous to that time, only open-hearth steel was produced, and, aluminum being used rarely in that steel, there had been practically no trouble with low ductility in the lower carbon range.

Jan 1, 1932

By R. C. Dalzell, A. E. Wells

In 1866, Thomas Graham1 called attention to the volume of gases, three times the volume of the sample, evolved from a meteoric iron heated in an evacuated porcelain tube. From that time to this the occurrence and significance of gases in metals have been the subject of investigation by many workers, among whom Sieverts,2 Iwasé3 and 0. W. Ellis4 stand preeminent. Sieverts and Iwasé concerned themselves with the solubility of a number of gases in metals in the liquid and solid states. They determined the absorption coefficients of these gases, and in all cases found a sharp change in solubility at the melting point of the metals. Ellis analyzed the gases evolved by solidifying copper and those occluded by the solidified metal. Lobley and Jepson5 endeavored to determine the effects of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen on the porosity of copper that was allowed to solidify in the presence of each gas after 30 min. exposure to it in the

Jan 1, 1930

By Lucius W. Mayer

WHILE the mind of the financier does not normally run along channels similar to those of his technical adviser, engineers, because of their exactness, are ever more called upon to manage affairs where financial matters are involved. It is, true, not a relatively large number have thus far functioned in this capacity. It is also true that the essentially financial mind could not serve in a responsible engineering position; for to be a successful engineer one requires precise thinking, making due allowance for factors of safety. To be a financier seems to require less aptitude for exact thinking than of enthusiasm and confidence in capitalizing prospective possibilities. Both require imagination, the engineer being, more conscious of the limitations of natural conditions. It is to be regretted that the engineer' stands so far aloof from financial matters. Many consider them- selves successful, as did Steinmetz, as long as their reward is the consciousness that they are giving supreme service to mankind. They are 'generally happy in their work and, like our honored brothers who are teachers, gain their greatest satisfaction, not in the amount of their remuneration so much as in the service rendered society and in the excellence of results achieved. Indeed, these sentiments bespeak character and command respect.

Jan 1, 1924

By J. R. Linney

APPROXIMATELY 5,788,000 long tons of crude ore was produced by the Eastern magnetite industry in 1946, or a drop of 26 per cent compared -with 1945. Decrease in production -throughout the industry varied from :8 per cent for the mine with the lowest reduction to 49 per cent for the mine -with the highest reduction. At the Chateaugay mine, operated by :the Republic Steel Corp. at Lyon Mountain, N. Y., 426,900 long tons of crude ,ore was produced, yielding 129,500 long tons of concentrates or a reduction of 46 per cent compared with the previous year. Owing to a strike the mine was closed down from Jan. 21 to July 29. At the Mineville mines, also operated by Republic Steel, output was 755,000 long tons of crude ore or a reduction of 49 per cent compared with 1945. The yield from the crude ore production consisted of 51,500 long tons of lump ore and 380,000 long tons of concentrates. The Mineville plant did not operate from March 17 through July 28, on account of the strike. The Fisher Hill mine, which produced 93,000 long tons of crude ore, included in the above figures, has not operated since March 17, 1946.

Jan 1, 1947

By J. J. Friel, E. S. Erickson

Dolomite-fluxed pellets of various compositions were made from magnetite concentrate, hematite concentrate and a concentrate containing a natural mixture of both. Physical properties and reduction test results were used to ascertain proper compositions and firing temperatures. These pellets were subjected to physical tests and to reduction tests. Petrographic and electron microprobe examinations were made to evaluate the effect of composition and fining on the phase assemblage. We interpreted our test results in terms of chemistry and microstructure and related these to properties. This approach enabled w to determine the composition best suited to each of the three concentrates. Compared with acid pellets, dolomite- fluxed pellets of the optimum compositions had similar physical properties but swelled less, softened at a higher temperature, and reduced faster and more completely.

Jan 1, 1983

By Percival Roberts

I DESIRE to present this evening a few notes from the standpoint of a manufacturer upon the subject of tests of iron for structural purposes; not that I have any new facts to which to call your attention, but rather a statement of a few of the objectionable features of the present modes of operation, showing the absolute necessity of important and very radical changes. At the present time, as most of you are well aware, proposals for materials are accompanied by certain specifications as to quality and tests to which the manufactured article must conform. Evolved in many cases from the inner consciousness of some one more expert in theory than in practice, we find a few of the specifications to be good, many bad, and some indifferent. Appended are specimens of specifications of the most prominent engineers and railroad companies, which may be taken as representing the best and most intelligently framed specifications which we now have, arid yet in some pints scarcely satisfactory, owing to misunderstanding of tests as now made. To show the very varied opinions held as to proper quality of iron for bridge-work, I give the tests of two lots of fron made by inspectors with the results, which were referred to the maker with the following commensts : Lot No. 1. Teat of Iron for Eyebars. Reduced area. Elongation. Size. Per cent. Per cent. Breaking load. 4" x 1 3/8 26 25 68,500 Bent 120° around 1 1/2" bar with fracture. Reduced area. Elongation. Size. Percent. Percent. Breaking load. 6" x 1 7/15 24 24 48,820 Bent 110° around 2" bar. This iron should bend 180° without fracture, and is therefore rejected. Lot No. 2. Test of Iron for Brirlye. All measurements taken upon a parallel section of 10". Iron for tension members. Breaking load Elongation. size. per aquare inch. Percent. 1 5/8 49,600 20 14 61,600 27

Jan 1, 1882

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development in the Upper Texas Gulf Coast during 1943 resulted in the discovery of 11 new fields as compared with 12 discovered in the same area during I942. Of the 11 new fields, eight are classed as oil and/or condensate and three as gas fields. In addition to the new discoveries, several more or less important new horizons and extensions were encountered in some of the older fields, as noted in the text under the heading "New Pays and Extensions.'' Drilling During the year, 418 wells were drilled, as compared with 356 drilled during 1942. Of these, 323 were field wells, of which 188 produced oil, 21 were gas wells and 114 were dry holes. The remaining 95 viere wildcats, 12 of which produced oil, 4 produced gas and 79 dry holes. Distribution of themwildcats with respect to the various trends may be summarized as follows: over the 91,340,492 bbl. produced in the same area during 1942. The production statistics in the text and the accompanying tables include condensate or distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties all of the drilling and production" data applicable to this particular area. Outstanding Fields of 1943 The Upper Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 178 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the 1943 discoveries. Of these Table 4 lists those that were most important from the standpoint of production. Each of these fields pro duced in excess of one million barrels of oil during 1943. Some of the interesting facts to be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields are: (I) four of the fields— namely, Conroe, Hastings, Friendswood and Thompson—each produced more than 10 million barrels during 1943, whcrcas Conroe and Hastings were the only fields that produced 10 million barrels during 1942; (2) some of the older fields (discovered prior to 1920), such as Barbers Hill, West Columbia, and Hull, are still producing in excess of one million barrels annually; (3) some of the fields more than doubled their 1942 production—e.g., Anahuac and Friendswood. The large increase in production in practically all instances is the result of increased allowables from wells drilled prior to 1943 and

Jan 1, 1944

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development in the Upper Texas Gulf Coast during 1943 resulted in the discovery of 11 new fields as compared with 12 discovered in the same area during I942. Of the 11 new fields, eight are classed as oil and/or condensate and three as gas fields. In addition to the new discoveries, several more or less important new horizons and extensions were encountered in some of the older fields, as noted in the text under the heading "New Pays and Extensions.'' Drilling During the year, 418 wells were drilled, as compared with 356 drilled during 1942. Of these, 323 were field wells, of which 188 produced oil, 21 were gas wells and 114 were dry holes. The remaining 95 viere wildcats, 12 of which produced oil, 4 produced gas and 79 dry holes. Distribution of themwildcats with respect to the various trends may be summarized as follows: over the 91,340,492 bbl. produced in the same area during 1942. The production statistics in the text and the accompanying tables include condensate or distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties all of the drilling and production" data applicable to this particular area. Outstanding Fields of 1943 The Upper Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 178 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the 1943 discoveries. Of these Table 4 lists those that were most important from the standpoint of production. Each of these fields pro duced in excess of one million barrels of oil during 1943. Some of the interesting facts to be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields are: (I) four of the fields— namely, Conroe, Hastings, Friendswood and Thompson—each produced more than 10 million barrels during 1943, whcrcas Conroe and Hastings were the only fields that produced 10 million barrels during 1942; (2) some of the older fields (discovered prior to 1920), such as Barbers Hill, West Columbia, and Hull, are still producing in excess of one million barrels annually; (3) some of the fields more than doubled their 1942 production—e.g., Anahuac and Friendswood. The large increase in production in practically all instances is the result of increased allowables from wells drilled prior to 1943 and

Jan 1, 1944

"World Mining and Metals Technology" is the title of this year's SME-AIME Fall Meeting and Exhibit in Denver, Sept. 1-3, where a record number of exhibits are scheduled for display. The international theme is particularly appropriate, for in addition to the annual SME session, the Third MMIJ-AIME Joint Meeting will be held.

Jan 8, 1976