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By M. P. Corriveau

This is the case history of how two nearby plants in Southwest Virginia solved their water clarification problems. While the solutions should not be considered applicable industry-wide, the methods used in arriving at the answers deserve consideration. When Clinchfield's Moss No. 2 Preparation Plant, the first ever built in Tiller Seam coal, was started in the fall of 1956, the clays in the raw coal soon posed a flocculation problem, Laboratory sedimentation tests were initiated; and as a result, lime was adopted as the flocculant for the clays, With lime, a pH of 11.2 was required. As the plant tonnage increased, it became evident that the amount of coal fines produced in the mining and preparation was greater than had been estimated and that the 90-foot thickener was inadequate in providing sufficient settling time to effect a clarified overflow for reuse. Testing showed that Separan 26105 (NP10)1/, when used with lime, was the most satisfactory coal flocculant available,

Jan 1, 1960

By James M. Barker

The occurrence of borates and zeolites at Mesa del Alamo is well documented by McAnulty and Hoffer (1) and Lefond and Barker (2). Further investigation indicates the presence of priceite and meyerhofferite in addition to the howlite (1) and colemanite (2). Analcime occurs in addition to the clinoptilolite and phillipsite (2). The Mesa del Alamo area is about 200 !a south of Tucson, Arizona, and 13 km southeast of Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico, just south of the unpaved road to Cucurpe (Figure 1). The geology and mineralogy of northcentral Sonora is known only on a regional basis except for small areas mapped in detail during copper exploration. The study area is within the Basin and Range province of North America from which borates and zeolites are now produced in California. The borates and zeolites at Mesa del Alamo occur in geological environments similar to those of the Mojave and Death Valley regions of California (3, 4). Thus, a detailed exploration pro- gram in the Magdalena area could result in the discovery of economic borate and/or zeolite deposits.

Jan 1, 1979

By H. E. Hirsch

Propelled by the invention of the transistor at Bell Laboratories, germanium's unique properties have advanced our electronic world by many years. Germanium has found major uses in infrared optics, fiber optics and a revised vigor as a catalyst for PET plastic production. Other advanced applications are in various stages of development. The solid state electronics industry has been the driving force behind the accelerating demand for gallium since the late sixties. Past developments of substrates for light emitting diodes, lasers and magnetic bubble memories are paling in view of the current excitement over the use of semi-insulating gallium arsenide for high performance integrated circuits. This application requires gallium metal and gallium compounds of extraordinary purity.

Jan 1, 1986

By E. J. Meets, C. F. Meyer

Bord and pillar mining at shallow depth (400 m approx. maximum) is widely used in South African coal mines. One of the problems encountered in extracting coal in this manner is the ventilation of advancing bord and pillar headings. The traditional ventilation methods of force, exhaust and overlap (force/exhaust) are reasonably effective but tend to be both cost and labour intensive. Ducting often restricts the available free area of roadways thus impeding the transport of coal and other materials inbye the coal production section. Due to the above facts, ductless fans are currently being used to minimize the amount of ducting required in advancing sections. Two different types of fans are used, namely, vortex fans and the so-called `jet' fans. Vortex fans were developed from the fan blade design used for vertical take-off aircraft. The fans have the capability of delivering air over distances of about 30 m in the underground situation without any ducting attached to it. Jet fans are standard axial flow fans fitted with outlet reduction pieces which increase the velocity pressure at the discharge to such an extent that the air delivery distance is improved to almost match that of vortex fans. The paper describes some applications of both these fan types in advancing bord and pillar sections.

Jan 1, 1993

By John C. Stam

During the past 20 years, the seismic refraction method has been used for depth to bedrock investigations. Its usefulness, however, has been recognized mainly in engineering applications, for instance in connection with the construction of power stations and in dam site investigations etc. Although some knowledge of the depth to bedrock can be of advantage in many other fields, the use of the conventional 12 or 24 channel seismic refraction equipment has been very limited, especially in ore prospecting and mining operations. The reasons for this are mainly the rather complicated operation of the instruments and the high costs. A conventional seismic equipment requires a crew of six men, a highly trained operator and an interpreter. Furthermore, the use of explosives can under certain conditions be undesirable (naighbourhood of houses, damage to agricultural areas etc.). Since 1957 a new one-channel seismograph, 'constructed by Geophysical Specialties Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, has been in use and this instrument simplifies operations and reduces their costs considerably.

Jan 1, 1959

By J. A. Pigott

Undercut-and-fill mining is a method developed by the International Nickel Company to deal with abnormal pillar mining conditions at one of its mines. Results have been such that its use has been extended to normal, pillar recovery operations in other mines of the Company as a replacement for conventional square-set pillar mining. It is anticipated that the method will also largely replace square-set stoping at INCo mines, especially for mining at deep horizons.

Jan 1, 1962

By A. D. S. Gillies

Diesel engine particulate matter pollution is a matter of concern currently in underground mines worldwide. A number of real-time Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM) monitors have been developed in recent years; two of these by the National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) in the US. One, the D-PDM, is based on an adaption of the successful NIOSH?s Personal Dust Monitor (PDM) unit which is being taken up very successfully for mine respirable dust monitoring. The D-PDM measures all particulate matter within a sub-micron range as classified nominally at 0.8 micrometers by a purpose developed cyclone. The other, the FLIR Airtec, measures the Elemental Carbon (EC) component of DPM by a laser scattering approach. Both instruments have been evaluated underground in robustness and reliability testing in coal mines by the authors. Real time DPM monitors allow greater understanding of the sources and levels of DPM pollution in underground activities. They allow engineering evaluations to determine how conditions can be improved or mining personnel relocated to lower concentration levels. Studies are discussed that examine DPM concentrations from vehicles under varying ventilation conditions. Some of these concern tests undertaken during high activity longwall face moves. They focus on evaluating DPM during the various phases of the face Chock Shield moves. An initiative in some mines has been to limit the number of vehicles in the mining section or panel by the use of a Tag Board or Traffic Controller at the panel travel road entrance to manage exhaust DPM and gases. Diesel tags or tokens are used to control the number of vehicles entering a section or panel and so limit level of pollution. Summation of DPM levels from points monitored throughout a panel demonstrates increasing DPM levels from influence of additional equipment in series within the ventilation circuit. An alternative approach is to invest in underground continuous real-time monitoring of exhaust gases, DPM and section air quantity and integrate this information to determine whether an additional vehicle can enter without exceeding diesel target limit. This optimizes the access of diesel vehicles and replaces the existing manual tag board system. Real-time DPM monitoring allows the industry to pin-point high exposure zones such as those encountered where various vehicles work in areas of constrained or difficult ventilation. Identification of high DPM zones allows efficient modification of mine ventilation, operator positioning and other work practices to reduce underground miners? exposures.

Jan 1, 2012

By P. Rosario

During the last few years high-tonnage plants have been designed with comminution circuits using semiautogenous grinding (SAG) mills, high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR), or both, followed by ball mills in different configurations. A strong interest in improved energy efficiency and reduction of carbon footprint, along with the recent launch of new high-capacity crushers and stirred grinding mills, has driven the industry to investigate the development of novel flowsheets. This paper presents work based on recent projects that include modeling and simulation of two innovative circuits recently considered for current projects. One circuit uses autogenous (AG) mills and parallel trains of crusher-HPGR and the other is a modified three-stage crushing circuit with the use of HPGRs and pebble mills. The paper indicates the potential savings in operating costs provided by the HPGR-pebble mill circuit when compared to a more conventional SAG-mill-based circuit.

Jan 1, 2010

By G. A. Kordosky

There are a number of reasons why the solvent extraction of molybdenum deserves attention: 1. The solvent extraction chemistry of molybdenum is interesting and complex, 2. The price of molybdenum is predicted to average about US$ 20.00 / pound in 2010 and, as China, India and other countries develop, the demand for specialty steels will increase putting long term demands on molybdenum supply, 3. Uranium ores often contain significant concentrations of molybdenum[1] and typically yellow cake will have a moly specification which when exceeded brings penalties, and 4. The valuable metal rhenium is a byproduct of molybdenum recovery circuits.

Jan 1, 2010

By S. M. Bulatovic

The western industrial world has to rely more and more on complex polymetallic sulphide ores as sources for base metals. These ores are composed of fine grained sulphide minerals such as chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and marcasite. The liberation sizes of the individual minerals can range between 30 um and 5 um. Therefore, applying conventional techniques to recover these finely disseminated minerals usually results in unsatisfactory metallurgical performances with high losses of the valuable mineral to the slime , fraction of the tailing. New concepts for treating these polymetallic complex ores are discussed in this paper. Beneficiation techniques utilizing new reagents and a new approach to pulp preparation are described. Some of these techniques were applied to ores from existing concentrators as well as to new ores. The results of these studies are discussed in the following sections.

Jan 1, 1990

By M. Y. Fisekci

Subsidence measurement methods, applied over the thick and steep seam mining in the Rocky Mountains Region of Western Canada are described. The studies to date indicate that two new subsidence monitoring techniques appear to be the most suited methods for our conditions. The computerized telemetry and aerial photogrammetry systems are being tested for the reliability of the systems during the winter months within the network of laser surveying over the workings of the new hydraulic mine. The site particulars and the mining method of the concerned area have been described briefly. The observation over the old hydraulic mine indicate that panels adjacent to each other do not obey identical subsidence phenomenon.

Jan 1, 1982

By N. E. Green, W. E. Bennett, G. P. Harrison

INTRODUCTION The art of raise boring has seen rapid development and use in underground mines both for primary development and production during the past 10 years. The intensive full scale tests by a major mining company in the Precambrian rocks of the Sudbury district of Ontario, Canada, have lead the way to the general acceptance of the raise drills. The rock successfully raise bored in the Sudbury area has compressive strengths varying from 30,000 to 50,000 p.s.i. As a result of the intensive study, it became evident to many mining companies that raise boring could be adapted to many mining systems. Many companies have modified their planned mining methods to incorporate raise boring. The result has been a more rapid development of their mine and naturally, an economic advantage to them. In conjunction with the acceptance of the raise drills, the range of equipment has broadened in terms of size, capability and efficiency. The concept of raise drilling and the general arrangement of the equipment has seen little change. At some locations there have been reported successes of drilling pilot holes up

Jan 1, 1997

By Eugene F. Eisemann

This paper is concerned principally with the competition between fuels for industrial use in the United States. Total energy consumption in the U. S. is allocated between industrial and other uses The industrial volume is divided into two classifications (1) where-there is competition between fuels and (2) where there is no competition. The pattern of fuel consumption by electric utilities was studied because there, is competition between fuels and because it is the fastest-growing industrial market. Electric utilities fuel consumption is discussed by geographic area. The growth of each fuel in several areas is investigated. The analysis of these areas, includes the study of the relationship between prices where fuels are in, competition:- (1) on the East Coast where price competition occurs between oil and coal, and (2) in the southeastern states where competition exists between coal and gas..

Jan 1, 1961

By D. R. Spears

As part of its mission to develop technology to assure a continuing supply of minerals, the US Bureau of Mines has investigated the flocculation of a Stillwater, MT, chromite ore. The ore was flocculated at different solids contents and at different stirring speeds to determine the importance and effect of hydrodynamic factors. In acidic and basic pH, the chromite ore was flocculated with high molecular weight polyacrylamides differing in the degree of hydrolysis. Polyacrylamides were found to bind to chromite ore particles through hydrogen bonding. The anionicity of the polymer and the pH affected the degree of polymer-particle interaction, which in turn affected polymer conformation at the surface. A polymer conformation with many loops and tails was used to explain high flocculation efficiency. It was found that such a conformation could compensate for poor hydrodynamic conditions.

Jan 1, 1992

By A. K. Bhasin

The movement of solid particles in a liquid represents an area of interest in many fields of science and technology. Knowledge of the behavior and characteristics of solid-liquid suspensions is of great importance to many areas of mineral processing. In order to characterize a solid-liquid system, the following factors must usually be considered: a) density of the liquid b) rheological properties of the liquid c) density of the solid particle d) size and shape of the solid particle e) volume fraction of solid particles f) relative motion of solid particles and liquid phase Other variables such as the effect of the containing vessel walls, Brownian movement, inter-particle friction, fluid slip and electrostatic effects, are important in special circumstances. Thus it is evident that a complete theoretical treatment is not possible covering all situations. Studies of the kinematic behavior of solid particles in a liquid have been approached by two methods: 1) Assessing the movement of a single particle and extrapolating to a multi-particle system; 2) Modifying the continuum mechanics of single-phase liquids in such a way as to account for the presence of solid particles. The first approach in general utilizes the method of particle mechanics. Extension to a multi-particle system gives rise to very complicated mathematical computation. The creeping motion equations do, however, furnish a practical, useful basis for achieving a uniform treatment and a better understanding of the phenomena. This approach is useful in the study of sedimentation and hindered settling processes.

Jan 1, 1971

By Carl G. Hogberg

To the casual observer there is probably no simpler appearing operation in the mineral industry than a limestone quarry. It might seem that the entire operation - from the drilling, blasting, and loading of the stone, its transport to a mill for crushing, washing and sizing, to loading into boats, railroad cars, or trucks for delivery to customers - can be comprehended at a glance. But no first impression could be more misleading. It is one of the purposes of this presentation to sketch the broad outlines of the extensive limestone industry in the United States which, measured in terms of volume of production since the end of World War II, has grown almost 300 per cent to a national level in 1957 of 384 million net tons.1 Another objective will be to discuss in more detail this industry in the State of Michigan. For this latter purpose, the Michigan Limestone Division plants at Calcite and at Cedarville will be used as examples. These descriptions will, we believe, show that the limestone business has complexities to match its size.

Jan 1, 1962

By Pablo Hadzeriga

There are two places in the world where potash, trade name for potassium chloride, is economically recovered from naturally occuring brines by solar evaporation. One is at the Dead Sea and the other at Wendover, Utah. American Potash and Chemical at Trona, California recovers potash from natural brines, but uses fuel to accomplish evaporation. Under proper meteorological conditions the use of solar evaporation might be desirable from the economical standpoint. Of course, this may not be true when, if by artificial evaporation, a group of very valuable salts are recovered. This is the case of the American Potash operation at Trona. Solar evaporation has its limits. The working temperature is low. We may say, just to cover most areas of the world where solar evaporation may be practical, that it will take place between 18°C and perhaps around 45°C. In most cases the average working temperature expected will be around 25°C.

Jan 1, 1963

By D. W. Fuerstenau, S. Raghavan

This paper presents a brief summary of some of the thermodynamic aspects of flotation processes. Thermodynamic considerations that control interfacial and wetting behavior in mineral/water/air systems are discussed. Particular attention is given to the thermodynamics of collector adsorption.

Jan 1, 1976

By Yung Sam Kim

The study of ultrasonic-wave propagation in substances has been remarkably advanced in recent years in most engineering and science fields. The main object in studying the velocity of ultrasonic-wave propagation in solids, is to determine dynamic properties of these materials. The present paper, however, presents some other possible applications of ultrasonic-wave propagation in the study of rock mechanics as follows: Investigation of the mechanism of microseismic activites of geologic materials, (a) at initial or low stress level, (b) at final or fracture stress level, and (c) under fatigue loading condition. Also, correlations among stress level, density, and the velocity of ultrasonic-wave propagation in rocks are discussed in this paper.

Jan 1, 1973

By Lennart Bergstedt

Boliden Aktiebolag, the prime base metal mining company of Sweden, annually treats some 11-12 million tons of sulphide ore in nine concentrators. Its first flotation plant was established in the early thirties for the complex Boliden ore. Since then, the number of mines and plants has gradually increased. Considerable effort has been devoted to the development of all phases of the technology of ore prospecting, mining, milling, smelting and refining. This has been necessary due to the complex and low-grade ores. The development of concentration has mainly been directed toward the arts of grinding and flotation. During the forties and fifties, open-stage fine crushing followed by two-stage grinding in rod and ball mills with cyclone classification was successfully introduced and used throughout the plants. The increasing cost of grinding media led to studies of an autogenous grinding technique as early as 1945. Basic test work commenced during the early fifties, with a. number of ores tested for pebble grinding. In 1956 a new pilot plant was built, with equipment installed for the continuous testing of pebble grinding and, later, for primary autogenous grinding of run-of-mine ore. The intensive test work showed that pebble grinding was feasible in almost all of the plants. At this early stage of testing, however, the merits of autogenous grinding could not be fully evaluated. As a. consequence the rod mill/ball mill grinding systems were converted to rod mill/pebble mill systems whereever possible. In parallel with the converting of grinding systems the development work concerning the merits of autogenous grinding went on. The major result

Jan 1, 1977