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By Charles Vaught, Jeff Duncan, Michael J. Brnich, Lisa J. Steiner

This document contains most of the materials needed to use the exercise. The main part of the document is the instructor's copy. It tells how to use the exercise, presents the objectives, the master answer sheet, the scoring key, and discussion notes to be used following the exercise. The next section summarizes results from field tests of the exercise, and reports the miners' evaluation of the activity. The last part of this document is three appendices. Appendix A is the exercise problem booklet. This booklet can be duplicated locally. The booklets are reusable. One is needed for every person in the classroom. Appendix B is the answer sheet. Copies of this answer sheet must have the latent image (invisible) ink answers that appear in Appendix C printed on them.3 Answer sheets are consumable. One is needed for each person or each small group of persons who work the exercise. Exercise Summary Read this section first. It determines if the exercise is appropriate for your classes. If you choose to use the exercise, examine the table of contents and review the remainder of this document. Type: Latent image Audience: Remote control and extended cut miner operators and face crews Length: Eight questions (30 minutes for administration plus 30 for discussion) Skills: Remote control mining procedures including remote control mining, taking extended cuts, resetting breaker on mining machine, and setting timbers. Communicating mine conditions, influencing safe behaviors when mine conditions are less than stable Location: Underground coal mine, four section continuous mining operation Average seam height is 48 inches Problem: Your regular job is on the general labor crew at Cripple Creek #9 mine, a four section continuous mining operation. The mains are 9 entries wide and panels are 5 entries across. You and the rest of the crew had annual refresher training about 3 months ago. For the past few days you have been sent to 2 South panel to fill in as the third shuttle car operator. This morning, however, your buggy is down. The face boss asks you to get the scoop and take seven or eight timbers to the number 5 entry because the last shift got off sight line. The miner will be working in entry 5 while the bolter crew pins entry 4. When you get up to the face you see that Mo, the remote control continuous miner operator, has rounded off the left inby corner in order to make his first cuts in the right hand rib. Now, he has squared around enough so that you and Red, the miner helper, can set some posts on the corner. The two of you set posts along the left inby rib of #5 entry while the shuttle car operator waits. You are in a tight spot when Mo decides to start mining. You must decide where the best place is to stand for safety and to be out of the way.

Jan 10, 1999

By Charles Vaught, Michael J. Brnich, Roberta A. Calhoun

This document contains most of the materials needed to use the exercise. The main part of the document is the instructor's copy. It tells how to use the exercise, presents the objectives, the master answer sheet, the scoring key, and discussion notes to be used following the exercise. The next section summarizes results from field tests of the exercise, and reports the miners' evaluation of the activity. The last part of this document is three appendices. Appendix A is the exercise problem booklet. This booklet can be duplicated locally. The booklets are reusable. One is needed for every person in the classroom. Appendix B is the answer sheet. Copies of this answer sheet must have the latent image (invisible) ink answers that appear in Appendix C printed on them.2 Answer sheets are consumable. One is needed for each person or each small group of persons who work the exercise. Exercise Summary Read this section first. It determines if the exercise is appropriate for your classes. If you choose to use the exercise, examine the table of contents and review the remainder of this document. Type: Latent image Audience: Underground coal miners Length: 9 questions (30 minutes for administration and 30 minutes for discussion) Skills: Mine fire escape strategies/procedures Use of emergency breathing apparatus Knowledge of sensations experienced when wearing breathing apparatus Communication Location: Underground coal mine section, average 60 inch seam height Problem: You are the section foreman on the 17 Left longwall development section at the Paula Ann No. 3 mine. The section has been driven about 4,000 feet from 4 West Mains. One of the shuttle car operators took a call from the fireboss saying that there was smoke from an unknown source coming into your section. You attempt to contact someone to find out where the smoke is coming from but get no response. You assemble the crew and start riding out of the section on the mantrip when you encounter heavy smoke. At this point, you decide to take your crew and travel on foot in the belt entry that is on a neutral split of air. After traveling about 6 crosscuts in the belt entry, you encounter heavy smoke at which time you and your crew don your person-wearable SCSRs (PWSCSR). After donning the apparatus, you and your crew continue traveling outby in the belt entry. Near the mouth of the section, one miner in the group starts to have trouble breathing from his SCSR. Because breathing resistance is increasing with the length of time the apparatus is worn, the miner is "outbreathing" the device since his oxygen requirements are greater that what the PWSCSR can supply. Although you slow

Jan 10, 1999

By David Garry, Michael J. Brnich, Lynn L. Rethi, Henry P. Cole, William J. Wiehagen, Roberta A. Calhoun

This document contains most of the materials needed to use the exercise. The main part of the document is the instructor's copy. It tells how to use the exercise, presents the objectives, the master answer sheet, the scoring key, and discussion notes to be used following the exercise. The next section summarizes results from field tests of the exercise, and reports the miners' evaluation of the activity. The last part of this document is three appendices. Appendix A is the exercise problem booklet. This booklet can be duplicated locally. The booklets are reusable. One is needed for every person in the classroom. Appendix B is the answer sheet and the trainee's questionnaire. Copies of this answer sheet must have the latent image (invisible) ink answers that appear in Appendix C printed on them.1 Answer sheets are consumable. One is needed for each person or each small group of persons who work the exercise. Exercise Summary Read this section first. It determines if the exercise is appropriate for your classes. If you choose to use the exercise, examine the table of contents and review the remainder of this document. Type: Latent image Audience: Supervisors, Safety Personnel and Accident Investigators Length: Eight questions (30 minutes for administration plus 30 for discussion) Skills: Developing a strategy or plan to prevent slips and falls Following correct procedures in conducting an accident investigation Preventing unsafe work practices Recognizing and instituting hazard controls in the section Identifying and implementing safe work procedures Location: Underground coal mine section Problem: You have been the general mine foreman at White Rock Mine for 4 years and have worked at this mine for 12 years. The mine superintendent calls you into his office. He gives you an accident report of an employee in 4-G section who was injured while carrying rock dust bags from the rock dust car to a battery powered scoop. It is several days after the accident and the mine superintendent assigns you and the safety supervisor to thoroughly investigate the accident to determine all the contributing factors. Your job is to make specific recommendations to prevent future slipping/tripping accidents.

Jan 10, 1999

By Verne S. Mutton, William A. Slivensky, Eric S. Weiss, Kenneth L. Cashdollar, Deepak R. Kohli

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, cooperated with Tecrete Industries Pty. Ltd. and BHP Australia Coal in a research program to evaluate the strength characteristics and air leakage of four seal and two stopping designs for use in underground coal mines. A fundamental safety research area for NIOSH is to eliminate the occurrence of coal mine explosions or to mitigate their effects. One approach to achieve this goal is to develop new and innovative seal designs that provide increased explosion isolation protection for the mining personnel against ignitions that originate from within the gob or. other worked-out areas of the mine Full-scale seals and stoppings were constructed in the Experimental Mine at Lake Lynn Laboratory near Fairchance, Fayette County, PA. They were ail--leakage tested, then subjected to a series of explosions with average pressure pulses ranging from 25 to 500 kPa (3.5 to 72 psi). Instrumentation measured seal displacement and acceleration as a function of time, providing data to assist in the development of numerical models 1'01- future seal design. All three seals designed with Meshblock wire forlnwo~-k ant1 a lnonolithic shotcrete core withstood the first explosion test, which generated an avcr-age rnaximu~n pressure of - 140 kPa (-20 psi) while maintaining acceptable air leakage rates. These seals I-anged from 175 to 325 mm thick. They included a 2.7-m-high by 325-mm-thick seal that was tesled 27 hr after completion against this - 140-kPa explosion pressure, a special requirement of the test program. This seal survived explosions with pressure pulses up to 300 kPa (43 psi). The 2.3-m-high by 325-mm-thick Meshblock seal survived three explosion tests with overpressures up to 455 kPa (66 psi) and satisfied the air leakage criteria. A I ,200-mm-thick plug seal was constructed of two Gunmesh formwork walls in-filled with shotcrete and a 3,450-kPa (500-psi) strength Aquablend core. This plug seal survived three explosions with pressure pulses ranging 11-om 150 lo 430 kPa (-22 to 62.5 psi) with no measurable postexplosion air leakage. Two Gunmesh stoppings with thicknesses 01' 40 and 75 inln withstood explosion overpressures of 23 and 115 kPa, respectively. Anchoring all seal and stopping designs into the roof, ribs, and floor with steel "rootbolts" provided very effective boundary constraint that is critical to the performanceofstructures subject to explosion overpressures.

Jan 8, 1999

By Daniel W. H. Su, Gregory J. Hasenfus

This paper demonstrates that finite-element modeling can be used to predict in situ coal pillar strength, especially under non ideal conditions where interface friction and roof and floor deformation are the primary controlling factors. Despite their differences in approach, empirical, analytical, and numerical pillar design methods have apparently converged on fundamentally similar concepts of coal pillar mechanics. The finite-element model results, however, are not intended to suggest a new pillar design criterion. Rather, they illustrate the site-specific and complex nature of coal pillar design and the value of using modeling procedures to account for such complex site-specific conditions. Because of the site-specific nature of coal pillar design, no single pillar design formula or model can apply in all instances. Understanding and accounting for the site-specific parameters are very important for successful coal pillar design. More work remains before the century-old problems related to pillar design are finally solved. Future research should focus on the cross-linkage of empirical, analytical, and numerical pillar design methods.

Jan 5, 1999

By J. Nielen van der Merwe

The move toward partial pillar extraction versus full pillar extraction has necessitated a new approach to underground section stability. When pillars are mined too small to support the weight of the overburden, they will, in some cases, remain stable for a considerable period; in other cases, they will collapse unexpectedly and violently. There is no discernable difference between the pillar safety factors of the failed and stable cases. The explanation lies in the characteristics of the overburden layers. A method is proposed that recognizes the overburden characteristics in the evaluation of stability. Two stability factors are calculated: one for the pillars, the other for the overburden. Using this method, it is possible to make use of the bridging capabilities of overburden layers to prevent pillar collapse. It is possible to scientifically design partial pillar extraction layouts that will be safe. Using energy considerations, it is also possible to prevent violent failure of pillars.

Jan 5, 1999

By J. Nielen van der Merwe

For the last 3 decades, coal pillars in the Republic of South Africa have been designed using the well-known strength formula of Salamon and Munro that was empirically derived after the Coalbrook disaster. The database was recently updated with the addition of failures that occurred after the initial analysis and the omission of failures that occurred in a known anomalous area. An alternative method of analysis was used to refine the constants in the formula. The outcome was a new formula that shows that the larger width-to-height ratio coal pillars are significantly stronger than previously believed, even though the material itself is represented by a reduced constant in the new formula. The formula predicts lower strength for the smaller pillars, explaining the failure of small pillars that were previously believed to have had high safety factors. Application of the new formula will result in improved coal reserve utilization for deeper workings and enhanced stability of shallow workings.

Jan 5, 1999

By Mark Colwell, Russell Frith

This paper summarizes the results of a research project whose goal was to provide the Australian coal industry with a chain pillar design methodology readily usable by colliery staff. The project was primarily funded by the Australian Coal Association Research Program and further supported by several Australian longwall operations. The starting point or basis of the project was the Analysis of Longwall Pillar Stability (ALPS) methodology. ALPS was chosen because of its operational focus; it uses tailgate performance as the determining chain pillar design criterion rather than simply pillar stability. Furthermore, ALPS recognizes that several geotechnical and design factors, including (but not limited to) chain pillar stability, affect that performance. There are some geotechnical and mine layout differences between United States and Australian coal fields that required investigation and, therefore, calibration before the full benefits offered by the ALPS methodology could be realized in Australia. Ultimately, case history data were collected from 19 longwall mines representing approximately 60% of all Australian longwall operations. In addition, six monitoring sites incorporated an array of hydraulic stress cells to measure the change in vertical stress throughout the various phases of the longwall extraction cycle. The sites also incorporated extensometers to monitor roof and rib performance in response to the retreating longwallface. The study found strong relationships between the tailgate stability factor, the Coal Mine Roof Rating, and the installed level of primary support. The final outcome of the project is a chain pillar design methodology called Analysis of Longwall Tailgate Serviceability (ALTS). Guidelines for using ALTS are provided.

Jan 5, 1999

By Peter F. R. Altounyan, Paul B. Cartwright, John W. Cassie

This paper describes measured data on strata behavior obtained in recent years from sites in the United Kingdom and the implications for pillar design. The data include results from overcoring stress measurements adjacent to coal mine roadways and deformation monitoring related to longwall extraction. The stresses adjacent to mine roadways or entries have been measured at a number of coal mine sites in the United Kingdom. The results are analyzed with regard to the information they provide on pillar behavior and strength estimates. A reduction in stress consistent with yielding of the strata adjacent to the roadways is evident. This is consistent with the confined core model for pillar behavior. The pillar strength is dependent on the rate atwhich vertical stress can increase with distance from the pillar edge and hence the confinement provided to the yielded material. The measured data indicate a wide range in pillar strengths. Two groups of results are identified that show significantly different behavior corresponding to differing effective pillar strengths. Estimates of pillar strengths derived from the measured data for these two groups are compared with established equations used for pillar design. The differing behaviors and strengths are attributed to variations in the amount of yielding and deformation in roof and floor strata and hence in the amount of confinement they provide to the coal seam. Numerical modeling is used to provide a comparison with the measured data and to indicate that this provides a feasible mechanism to account for the measured data. As the depth of mining increases, pillars tend to become increasingly wide and squat. In such cases, it is possible for the surrounding roadways to become badly deformed and damaged while the pillars remain stable. The criteria of comparing pillar strengths and loads to establish pillar stability become less applicable in these circumstances; rather, considerations of roadway stability may be the limiting factor in determining suitable pillar dimensions. This is the case for pillar dimensions typically employed around longwall panels in the United Kingdom. Depending on the properties of the site and what are deemed to be satisfactory roadway conditions, this can lead to wide variations in required pillar dimensions. Measured data for deformations in roadways influenced by adjoining longwall workings are presented. These show that in some circumstances the influence of longwall extraction can be transmitted over large distances and confirm the variability in required pillar sizes depending on site properties.

Jan 5, 1999

By Eric G. Zahl, John P. Dunford, Hamid Maleki

Coal bumps are influenced by geologic conditions, the geometric design of coal mine excavations, and the sequence and rate of extraction. Researchers from private industry and government agencies around the world have studied mechanisms of violent failure and have identified individual factors that contribute to coal bumps. To develop predictive tools for assessing coal bump potential, the authors initiated a comprehensive study using information from 25 case studies undertaken in U.S. mines. Multiple linear regression and numerical modeling analyses of geological and mining conditions were used to identify the most significant factors contributing to stress bumps in coal mines. Twenty-five factors were considered initially, including mechanical properties of strata, stress fields, face and pillar factors of safety, joint spacings, mining methods, and stress gradients. In situ strength was estimated in 12 coal seams where uniaxial compressive strength exceeded 2,000 psi. Allowances were made for favorable local yielding characteristics of mine roof and floor in reducing damage severity. Pillar and face factors of safety were calculated using displacement-discontinuity methods for specific geometries. This work identified the most important variables contributing to coal bumps. These are (1) mechanical properties of strata, including local yield characteristics of a mine roof and floor, (2) gate pillar factors of safety, (3) roof beam thickness, joint spacing, and stiffness characteristics, which influence released energy,(4) stress gradients associated with the approach of mining to areas of higher stress concentrations, and (5) the mining method. By combining the strength of both analytical and statistical methods, new capabilities were developed for predicting coal bump potential and for building confidence intervals on expected damage.

Jan 5, 1999

By R. Karl Zipf

Use of Salamon's stability criterion in underground mine design can prevent the occurrence of catastrophic domino-type pillar failure. Evaluating the criterion requires computation of the local mine stiffness and knowledge of the post failure behavior of pillars. This paper summarizes the status of the practical use of this important criterion and suggests important research to improve our capabilities. Analytical and numerical methods are used to compute the local mine stiffness. Work to date in computing local mine stiffness relies mainly on elastic continuum models. Further work might investigate local mine stiffness in a discontinuous rock mass using alternative numerical methods. Existing post failure data for coal pillars are summarized, and a simple relationship for determining the postfailure modulus and stiffness of coal pillars is proposed. Little actual postfailure data for noncoal pillars are available; however, numerical models can provide an estimate of post failure stiffness. Important factors controlling postfailure stiffness of rock pillars include the postfailure modulus of the material, end conditions, and width-to-height ratio. Studies show that the nature of the failure process after strength is exceeded can be predicted with numerical models using Salamon's stability criterion; therefore, a method exists to decrease the risk of this type of catastrophic failure. However, the general lack of good data on the postfailure behavior of actual mine pillars is a major obstacle. Additional back-analyses of failed and stable case histories in conjunction with laboratory testing and numerical modeling are essential to improve our ability to apply the stability criterion.

Jan 5, 1999

By Miklos D. G. Salamon, Jim M. Galvin, Bruce K. Hebblewhite

A series of mine design accidents in the late 1980s resulted in a major research program at the University of New South Wales, Australia, aimed at developing pillar and mine design guidelines. A database of both failed and unfailed Australian underground coal mine pillar case studies was compiled. A procedure was developed to enable the effective width of rectangular pillars to be taken into account. The database was analyzed statistically using the maximum likelihood method, both independently and as a combined data set with the more extensive South African database. Probabilities of failure were correlated to factors of safety. It was found that there was less than a 4% variance in pillar design extraction ratios resulting from each of these approaches. There is a remarkable consistency between the design formulas developed from back-analysis of the two separate national pillar databases containing many different coal seams and geological environments.

Jan 5, 1999

By Gregory J. Chekan

As part of the initial investigation and validation of a new boundary-element formulation for stress modeling in coal mines, the underground stresses and displacements at two multiple-seam coal mines with unique stress problems were modeled and predicted. The new program, LAMODEL, calculates stresses and displacements at the seam level and at requested locations in the overburden or at the surface. Both linear elastic and nonlinear seam materials can be used, and surface effects, multiple seams, and multiple mining steps can be simulated. In order to most efficiently use LAMODEL for accurate stress prediction, the program is first calibrated to the site-specific geomechanics based on previously observed stress conditions at the mine. For this calibration process, a previously mined area is "stress mapped" by quantifying the observed pillar and strata behavior using a numerical rating system. Then, the site-specific mechanical properties in the model are adjusted to provide the best correlation between the predicted stresses and the observed underground stress rating. Once calibrated, the model is then used to predict future stress problems ahead of mining. At the two case study mines, the calibrated models showed good correlation with the observed stresses and also accurately predicted upcoming high stress areas for preventive action by the mines.

Jan 5, 1999

By Winton J. Gale

Coal pillar design has been based on generalized formulas of the strength of the coal in a pillar and experience in localized situations. Stress measurements above and in coal pillars indicate that the actual strength and deformation of pillars vary much more than predicted by formulas. This variation is due to failure of strata surrounding coal. The pillar strength and deformation of the adjacent roadways is a function of failure in the coal and the strata about the coal. When the pillar is viewed as a system in which failure also occurs inthe strata rather than the coal only, the wide range of pillar strength characteristics found in the United Kingdom, United States, Republic of South Africa, Australia, People's Republic of China, Japan, and other countries are simply variations due to different strata-coal combinations, not different coal strengths. This paper presents the measured range of pillar strength characteristics and explains the reasons. Methods to design pillar layouts with regard to the potential strength variations due to the strata strength characteristics surrounding the seam are also presented.

Jan 5, 1999

By Michael A. Evanto, George J. Karabin

The Mine Safety and Health Administration, Pittsburgh Safety and Health Technology Center, Roof Control Division, is routinely involved in the evaluation of ground conditions in underground coal mines. Assessing the stability of mined areas and the compatibility of mining plans with existing conditions is essential to ensuring a safe working environment for mine workers at a given site. Since 1985, the Roof Control Division has successfully used the boundary-element method of numerical modeling to aid in the resolution of complex ground control problems. This paper presents an overview of the modeling methodology and details of techniques currently used to generate coal seam, rock mass, and gob backfill input data. A summary of coal and rock properties used in numerous successful evaluations throughout the United States is included, and a set of deterioration indices that can aid in the quantification of in-mine ground conditions and verification of model accuracy is introduced. Finally, a case study is detailed that typifies the complexity of mining situations analyzed and illustrates various techniques that can be used to evaluate prospective design alternatives.

Jan 5, 1999

By Peter. PH. D. Cain

Smoky River Coal Ltd. mines low-volatile metallurgical coal by surface and underground methods in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. Current underground operations are confined to the 5B-4 Mine. Development of 5B-4 began in January 1998; production from depillaring sections commenced in July 1998. This paper describes the history of underground mining on the Smoky River property in terms of extraction methods and pillar design. The development of the present pillar design guidelines is discussed in this context. Recent work to prepare a number of case histories for back-analysis using the Analysis of Retreat Mining Pillar Stability (ARMPS) method is described, along with the modifications developed for calculating the ARMPS stability factor for retreat extraction of thick seams. The design criteria are described, as well as the geotechnical program implemented in order to verify its applicability.

Jan 5, 1999

Empirical methods involve the scientific interpretation of real-world experience. Many problems in ground control lend themselves to an empirical approach because the mines provide us with plenty of experience with full-scale rock structures. During the past 10 years, powerful design techniques have emerged from statistical analyses of large databases of real-world pillar successes and failures. These include the Analysis of Retreat Mining Pillar Stability (ARMPS), the Analysis of Longwall Pillar Stability (ALPS), the Mark-Bieniawski rectangular pillar strength formula, and guidelines for preventing massive pillar collapses. In the process, our practical understanding of pillar behavior has been greatly enriched.

Jan 5, 1999

Pillar design is the first line of defense against rock falls—the greatest single safety hazard faced by underground coal miners in the United States and abroad. To help advance the state of the art in this fundamental mining science, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health organized the Second International Workshop on Coal Pillar Mechanics and Design. The workshop was held in Vail, CO, on June 6,1999, in association with the 37th U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium. The proceedings include 15 papers from leading ground control specialists in the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of South Africa. The papers address the entire range of issues associated with coal pillars and have a decidedly practical flavor. Topics include numerical modeling, empirical design formulas based on case histories, field measurements, and post failure mechanics.

Jan 5, 1999

By Nicholas Kyriazi

Significant portions of the present Federal regulations for certification of closed-circuit breathing apparatus (42 CFR 84) are not quantitative. The human-subject testing portion of the regulations specifies activities rather than metabolic work rates; however, heavy human subjects have higher oxygen consumption, CO2 production, and ventilation rates than lighter human subjects performing the same activities. This means that apparatus certified using different human subjects have effectively passed different tests. In addition, apparatus performance is monitored only during selected intervals of testing, and always during rest, rather than during the entire performance period. Further, testing is arbitrarily terminated at specific rated durations, leaving unknown the performance during the remaining duration. Duration itself is misleading to users who believe that the apparatus will last a certain time no matter how much they weigh or how hard they work. The actual duration obtained from an apparatus, however, is highly variable, being inversely proportional to the work rate at which it is used. In this report, recommendations are made to (1) replace the present regulations for certification of closed-circuit breathing apparatus with quantitative tests specifying metabolic work rate rather than activity,(2) continuously monitor relevant physiological stressors, (3) continue testing until exhaustion of the oxygen source, and (4) classify closed-circuit breathing apparatus by quantity of usable oxygen, i.e., capacity, rather than by duration. Physiology-based stressor levels are suggested as well.

Jan 1, 1999

By Joseph P. Flick, Kathleen M. Kowalski, Lynn L. Rethi, Roberta A. Calhoun

Many miners are involved in tasks at the mine site that are similar to those sub-tasks performed in general construction, maintenance and repair (CMR) type work activities. As a result, many of the injuries in the mining industry today can be traced to employees performing these CMR type work activities. Indeed, a recent analysis of a major aggregate company revealed that 65% of all injuries documented originated from performing such CMR activities. It is hypothesized that the number of injuries to miners performing construction, maintenance and repair (CMR) work activities on mine property may be reduced through improved training that focuses on better hazard recognition using the numerous visual and other cues that are available for evaluating workplace health and safety hazards. To this end, researchers at NIOSH’s Pittsburgh Research Laboratory have merged two proven methods of training miners to recognize hazards, stereoscopic (3-D) slides and the concept of degraded images, into this training program. Stereoscopic (3-D) slides have been shown in earlier NIOSH and U.S. Bureau of Mines research to be an effective training aid for improving the ability of miners to recognize various geologic and mining-induced irregularities that can cause groundfalls.3 They realistically portray the natural mine environment, and thus are an excellent training aid for teaching miners to recognize such visual cues. The degraded image concept, originally developed by the military and used for target detection training, describes scenes where the target is partially hidden by cloud cover, dust, rain, natural barriers, buildings, or other obstructions that can camouflage or confuse the target. Research had shown that flight observers who were trained with less than ideal (or degraded) pictures were more successful in subsequent identification of targets than those trained using ideal (or highlighted) pictures of targets. In order to investigate this concept for training miners to recognize hazards, NIOSH researchers developed a prototype hazard recognition training program using such mining scenes. A control program based on traditional highlighted mining scenes was also developed. Both programs were applied to subjects in a field experiment. Results indicated that miners trained with the degraded images did significantly better on a follow-up test of hazard recognition.4 This hazard recognition program teaches trainees to look for hazards in a more realistic manner than that of the control program. This specific training program for CMR activities involves using the degraded image concept and 3-D slides. The module is designed to educate workers on hazard identification techniques and safe work practices. It focuses on teaching miners techniques for recognizing visual (sight) cues, and then uses these cues to evaluate mining conditions. It should be stressed that other senses, such as sound can also play an important role in hazard detection.

Jan 1, 1999